Organizing for Information Warfare at the Geographic Combatant Commands: Lessons from the United States Central Command Joint Effects Process

The authors document the planning processes used at U.S. Central Command (2020–2023) to better integrate information and information warfare issues into its battle rhythm and assess their effects in the information environment, include lessons relevant to other elements within the joint force, and present a framework for drawing further lessons from the commander's decisionmaking cycle and for the execution of future operations.